|
Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality has developed around the figure of Józef Piłsudski, Polish military commander and politician, starting with the interwar period and continuing after his death in 1935 till the present day. At first it was propagated by Polish state's propaganda, describing Piłsudski as a masterful strategist and political visionary. It has survived decades of repression during the communist rule of Poland. In modern Poland, Piłsudski is recognized as an important and largely positive figure in Polish history. ==Origins== Piłsudski's popularity, described as cult of personality,〔 was tied with his role in regaining Polish independence following World War I,〔〔 and his leadership in the following Polish–Soviet War.〔 He was, however, already a popular figure even before the start of WWI.〔 Piłsudski seized power in Poland again in 1926, following his May Coup.〔 Piłsudski was not primarily interested in cultivating the cult himself, as this was done by others, particularly after his death.〔〔〔 His funeral in 1935 became a major state ceremony, and it became a sign of things to come, as Piłsudski's followers, known as Piłsudskiites,〔〔 attempted to turn his legend into one of the basis to legitimate their grip on the power in the Polish state.〔〔 Numerous initiatives honoring Piłsudski's name were created; there were so many that the Main Committee for Commemorating the Memory of Marshal Józef Piłsudski had to rein some of the more outlandish initiatives (such as the proposal to rename Wilno to Piłsudski's child nickname, Ziuk).〔 In 1938 the Polish parliament passed a decree criminalizing any defamation of Piłsudski.〔 Piłsudski's cult is tied with the Polish Independence Day, as the date of November 11 was also the date of Piłsudski's seizing the power for the first time in newly independent Poland.〔 In 1937 Polish parliament officially declared November 11 as a national holiday celebrating regaining independence and stated that "for all time (should be ) associated with the great name of Józef Piłsudski"〔 Initially this celebration of Poland's regaining statehood was also a celebration of Piłsudski and the Polish Army, through that relation has lost some of its strength with the progression of time.〔〔 Despite those efforts his cult began to wane shortly after his death, according to some, as early as 1937.〔 Piłsudski's cult was not universal, and it was opposed by several factions from the very first days of its emergence; most notable of its early opponents included the ''endecja'' political faction, opponent of pro-Piłsudski ''sanacja'' faction. Critics of Piłsudski did face some persecution from the state and its supporters.〔〔 The cult was particularly strong in the Polish Army. During World War II the Polish Armed Forces in the West continued this tradition, with Piłsudski's memory being highly celebrated,〔 even though many leaders of the Polish government in exile, such as Władysław Sikorski, were opposed to it.〔 Józef Piłsudski became (still in his lifetime) to a namesake of the Polish Navy's gunboat ORP "Komendant Piłsudski" and of the motor transatlantic liner "Piłsudski" - the latter, built in Italy, was the first Polish modern transatlantic liner, launched in December 1934 and put to service in September 1935. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|